煤炭工业部


全民所有制煤炭工业企业转换经营机制实施办法
煤炭工业部



根据国务院颁布的《全民所有制工业企业转换经营机制条例》（以下简称《条例》）和国家有关的法律、法规、政策，结合全民所有制煤炭工业企业（以下简称煤炭企业）实际，制定本办法。

第一章 落实煤炭企业经营权
第一条 落实生产经营决策权
－－煤炭企业根据国家宏观计划指导和市场需要，自主地选择经营方向和调整生产经营范围，自主编制、修改和安排生产经营计划，并组织实施。
－－煤炭企业根据国家有关政策、法规、规程，自主制定本企业生产技术管理制度，自主选择和确定采煤方法、生产工艺和生产设备等。
－－除国家规定的考核指标外，部对国有重点煤矿只下达盈亏和百万吨死亡率两项考核指标；对施工企业下达盈亏和施工质量两项考核指标。其他技术经济指标作为评价指标上报统计。
－－新建、扩建和技改项目的管理实行业主负责制，在明确业主对资金使用承担的各项责任的前提下，业主有权自主选择资质相符的设计、施工单位和设备类型；建设施工实行项目承包制，确保提高投资效益。
第二条 落实产品、劳务定价权
－－煤炭产品和除国家有特殊规定外的非煤炭产品及劳务的价格，由市场调节，企业依法自主定价。任何部门和单位均不得截留、干预企业定价权。
第三条 落实产品销售权
纳入国家统一分配计划的煤炭产品，煤炭企业按照订货合同销售；除此之外的煤炭产品，企业自主销售。
－－煤炭货款和运费结算不再采用托收承付结算方式。煤炭货款按交货方式分为两种：在产地交货的，执行出厂价，用户承担运费；在销地交货的、执行到站价，煤矿承担运费。煤炭运费结算实行先交款后发运的办法；煤炭货款结算办法由煤矿和用户根据具体情况协商确定，可以用先
发煤后付款的银行承兑汇票结算方式，也可选用先付款后发煤的银行本票、银行汇票、汇兑、支票等任一形式。
第四条 落实物资采购权
－－煤炭企业对所需的物资，自主选择供应渠道、供应品种和数量，自主采购，自行调剂。
－－除国家法律、法规有专门规定之外，煤炭企业各级主管部门不得以任何形式、任何理由指定企业的供货单位和供货渠道。
第五条 落实进出口权
－－除国家规定统一经营的产品外，煤炭企业在国家宏观计划指导下，可自行选择外贸代理企业和出口方式，自主决定出口数量和品种，并有权参与同外商的谈判。
－－出口产品价格由生产企业与外贸企业、外商共同商定。
－－凡有条件从事对外贸易业务的企业，可通过与有进出口权的外贸公司、工贸公司签订委托代理协议的办法，开展进出口业务。
－－支持和鼓励煤炭外贸企业与其他企业联营、合作、参股、兼并，组建企业集团，扩大进出口业务。
－－煤炭企业根据国家规定可自主进行外汇调剂、使用。
－－经过有关部门批准，煤炭企业可以在境外承揽工程，进行对外技术交流、合作，提供劳务和进口自用的设备和物资，以及在境外设点。
－－积极创造条件，赋予国有重点煤炭企业出口自主权。
第六条 落实投资决策权
－－煤炭企业可自行选择和筹集企业发展所需资金。可根据国家的法律、法规决定投资和参股，包括以资金、实物、无形资产投资，或购买股票、债券等。
－－煤炭企业遵照国家产业政策和行业、地区发展规划，以自筹资金新建、扩建和技改的项目，能够自行解决建设和生产条件的，由企业自主决定立项，报煤炭工业管理部门备案并接受监督；不能自行解决建设和生产条件或者需要国家投资的，报煤炭工业管理部门批准。
－－煤炭企业根据国家规定和自身的承受能力，自行选择具体的折旧方法，确定加速折旧的幅度，报煤炭工业管理部门备案。
第七条 落实留用资金支配权
－－任何部门和单位不得无偿或硬性调拨煤炭企业留用资金。
－－国有重点煤矿的维简费，除不得用于抵补亏损外，均由企业自主安排使用。煤炭部按吨煤一元从成本中提取的部长备用基金，用于救灾补助和支持发展科研、教育事业。
第八条 落实资产处置权
－－煤炭企业对其经营的国有资产，依法享有占有、使用和处分的权利。任何部门、单位和个人不得对企业法人财产随意征用、调拨和占有。
－－对一般固定资产的消耗、抵押、有偿转让、出租、参股、合营等，煤炭企业可以自主安排，并依法处置。对关键设备、成套设备或者重要建筑物可以出租，经煤炭工业管理部门批准可以抵押或有偿转让。
－－企业处置国有资产必须按国家规定进行评估。所得收入应全部用于设备更新、技术改造、新产品开发或其他生产性投资和建设。
第九条 落实联营、兼并权
－－煤炭企业有权按照国家法律、法规规定的方式与其他企业、事业单位联合经营，不需报政府主管部门审批。
－－煤炭企业根据生产经营需要，可以与外商联合设立经济实体。
－－煤炭企业有权按照自愿、有偿的原则兼并其他企业，由企业自主决定，报煤炭工业管理部门备案。煤炭企业被兼并须经煤炭工业管理部门批准。兼并企业享有被兼并企业的所有债权并承担所有债务。被兼并企业职工可随建制转入兼并企业，由兼并企业进行安置。
第十条 落实劳动用工权
－－煤炭企业可自主选择用工形式，自主确定招工或招生的时间、条件、方式和数量。
－－新投产项目所需招工，在国家核定的设计定员之内，首先由行业和企业内部调剂或接收统分人员解决；尚须增加的新职工，由企业自主招收。
第十一条 落实人事管理权
－－煤炭部管理大型、特大型国有重点煤炭企业的党政正职，其他煤炭企业和公司的党政正职按隶属关系下管一级的原则管理。
－－煤炭企业行政副职由行政正职提名，煤炭工业管理部门审查任免（聘任、解聘），或经煤炭工业管理部门授权，由行政正职任免（聘任、解聘），报煤炭工业管理部门备案。中层行政管理人员，由企业行政正职按国家的规定自主任免（聘任、解聘）。
－－局（矿、厂）长和书记根据实际情况，宜兼则兼，宜分则分。党政之间可以交叉兼职。
－－煤炭企业对管理人员和专业技术人员实行聘任制，可以从优秀职工中选聘，也可以从境内外招聘。对被解聘或者未聘用的管理人员和技术人员，可以安排其他工作，包括到工人岗位上工作。
－－煤炭企业根据国务院和有关部门规定的标准和程序，可自行评定和聘任中级及其以下技术职务；高级专业技术职务任职资格，由省级管理机构或授权单位按上级规定组织评定，企业可自主决定聘任。
第十二条 落实工资、资金分配权
－－煤炭企业依照煤炭工业管理部门规定的工资总额与经济效益挂钩办法，自主决定内部工资制度和分配形式、档次，自主决定对企业各类人员的奖惩。
－－取消对工效挂钩企业工资总额的发放实行指令性计划控制的办法。
－－任何单位和部门，均不得向企业提出对职工发放奖金和晋级增薪的要求。
第十三条 落实机构设置权
－－煤炭企业根据需要，自主设置内部机构，确定人员编制。除国务院有专门规定外，取消各方面、各部门曾经对企业内部机构设置、人员编制和级别待遇提出的要求。
第十四条 落实拒绝摊派权
－－煤炭企业有权拒绝任何部门和单位向企业摊派人力、物力、财力。
－－煤炭工业管理部门及其职能单位不得对企业摊派，并支持煤炭企业依法抵制和拒绝来自各方和各种形式的摊派。

第二章 煤炭企业自负盈亏的责任
第十五条 煤炭企业按照《条例》的规定和责权利相统一的原则，对国家授予其经营的资产，承担自负盈亏的责任，经营者和全体职工均对企业盈亏和财产保值、增值负有程度不同的经营责任。
第十六条 煤炭部对所属企业的财务指标实行利润递增或亏损递减承包办法。增盈（减亏）全部留给企业，减盈超亏由企业自负。承包指标经审查、核准，一经包定，就须坚决执行，任何部门均不得对企业的经营收入和资金进行平调、集中和截留。
第十七条 煤炭企业的经营收支实行“一本帐”管理，杜绝“虚亏实盈”或“虚盈实亏”。对弄虚作假者，一经查出，追究企业经营者和当事人的经济和法律责任。
煤炭企业完不成盈亏指标时，应以风险抵押金、工资储备基金和公积金补交。
第十八条 建立煤炭企业工效挂钩的分配约束机制。
－－煤炭企业职工工资总额基数在报煤炭工业管理部门审查核准后，实行工资总额和盈亏指标完成情况挂钩的办法，工资总额随增盈减亏、减盈增亏上下浮动。浮动幅度由批准挂钩办法的管理部门根据企业实际确定并考核。
－－建立工资储备基金和从增盈减亏资金中提取一定比例的以丰补欠调节资金，自主安排作用。
－－煤炭企业提取的生产性基金及处置生产性固定资产的收入不得用于发放工资、奖金和增加集体福利，以确保资产的保值和增值。
－－企业违反《条例》规定向职工发放的不正当收入，一经发现，限期扣回，并追究领导责任。
第十九条 煤炭企业全面完成当年承包任务，煤炭工业管理部门按合同规定对企业经营者加发承包报酬；连续三年全面完成承包任务的，给予相应奖励。
煤炭企业完不成承包任务的，追究企业经营者相应责任。一年完不成盈亏指标的企业，适当核减企业工资总额；企业经营者、其他领导班子成员和直接责任者不得领取奖金。
连续两年完不成盈亏指标的企业，除停发奖金和新增效益工资外，根据责任大小，按不同比例减发领导班子成员和职工的工资，企业经营者不得调出。限期内不能扭亏的，企业领导成员要予以降级、降职或免职。
第二十条 煤炭企业要严格执行国家财政、税收、国有资产管理和矿产资源、矿山安全、科技进步、环境保护等有关法律、法规，自觉接受监督。

第三章 推进煤炭企业结构调整
第二十一条 “以煤为本，多种经营”是煤炭工业长期的发展战略。煤炭企业在国家政策扶持下，实施煤、电、气、化、运、共伴生矿产资源等综合开发与经营，大力发展第三产业。
第二十二条 对已经衰老报废或煤炭产品没有市场销路的矿井实行转产。转产由企业自主决定，但不得转产国家明令禁止生产或淘汰的产品。转产国家限制发展的产品，须报有关主管部门审批。
第二十三条 经营性亏损严重但未达到破产程度的煤炭企业，由企业提出申请，经煤炭工业管理部门批准后进行停产整顿。煤炭工业管理部门也可根据有关规定责令企业停产整顿。企业停产整顿期间，必须采取有效措施，保护国有资产不受破坏。任何人不得盗窃、毁坏、哄抢、私分、
隐匿、无偿转让企业财产。
第二十四条 对亏损严重的年生产能力在30万吨以下的矿井及其他生产经营单位，经煤炭工业管理部门审批，可实行国家所有，集体或个人承包经营或租赁经营。经营合同书由企业与经营集体或个人双方签定，经公证机关公证后实施。
第二十五条 地质条件极差，自然灾害难以控制，煤质不好，没有销路，扭亏无望的矿井，经煤炭工业管理部门批准后采取关闭。做好关闭矿井的转产和职工安置工作。
第二十六条 煤炭企业合并可由双方企业提出，也可由煤炭工业管理部门决定。企业提出的合并，合并方案须经职工代表大会讨论通过，报煤炭工业管理部门批准。煤炭工业管理部门决定的合并，合并方案由该部门提出。
全民所有制范围内的企业合并，可依法采取资产无偿划转方式进行。
第二十七条 按照建立产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学的现代企业制度的方向，改革矿务局传统的管理模式和内部结构。
－－矿务局对所属的二级单位实行模拟法人运行；对有条件的逐步分立为具有法人地位的公司。
－－对有条件的现有非公司类型的煤炭企业，经过试点改组为公司法人组织。采取有限责任公司或股份有限公司形式进行公司制改组的煤炭企业，按照国家法律法规进行。
－－新建矿区和新设立的煤炭企业，按照公司制度组建。
第二十八条 鼓励和支持大型、特大型煤炭企业组建企业集团。其模式为：以矿区为单元，以产权联结为主要纽带，以国有重点煤矿为核心，联合各种不同所有制、不同投资渠道的煤炭企业或其它企业，组建以煤为本、多种经营，跨地区、跨行业的企业集团。
企业集团的组建按国家有关规定审批。
第二十九条 煤炭企业按照规范化的要求，可积极稳妥地进行股份制试点。

第四章 加强宏观管理和行业管理
第三十条 各级煤炭工业管理部门，按照政企分开和规划、协调、监督、服务的原则，通过经济手段、法律手段和必要的行政手段，对煤炭企业实行宏观管理和行业管理，不直接干预煤炭企业的生产经营活动。
第三十一条 煤炭工业部是国务院主管全国煤炭行业的职能部门，主要承担如下职责：
－－根据国家有关方针、政策、法规，研究制订发展我国煤炭工业的方针、政策、行业规范和规章。
－－根据国民经济和社会发展的需求，制订煤炭工业发展战略，编制长远发展规划和年度计划；统筹规划煤炭工业布局，优化产业结构和产品结构，发展煤炭洗选加工、综合利用、多种经营和第三产业；搞好煤炭行业节能、环保工作。
－－统筹规划、合理开发和利用煤炭资源；对各种投资渠道、各种经营形式的煤矿实行行业管理和宏观管理。对重大建设项目和限额以上技术改造项目进行审查并提出立项建议，协调国家重点建设项目的内、外部关系。
－－研究制订煤炭工业体制改革的总体规划及配套措施，并推动实施。推进企业转换经营机制。培育和发展煤炭市场。
－－按照国家年度煤炭生产、分配和进出口计划，协调煤炭工业同地方政府以及运输、电力、冶金等有关部门的关系，保障企业正常生产经营秩序。
－－负责煤炭行业科技和教育工作，组织协调煤炭行业重大技术攻关，归口管理煤炭工业技术、计量监督。培养煤炭工业专业人才。管理直属大型企业和少数事业单位的主要领导干部。
－－负责政府间煤炭工业的对外经济、技术合作与交流，发展煤炭工业进出口贸易，扩大对外开放。归口管理重大煤炭技术装备和人才引进。
－－根据国家矿山安全法规和煤矿安全规程，监督检查煤矿安全生产。
－－对大型骨干煤炭企业国有资产的保值增值实施监督、检查和评价，负责管理直属事业单位国有资产。
－－汇集发布煤炭行业国内外经济、科技、市场信息，为企事业单位提供信息、技术、管理咨询及人才交流等服务。
第三十二条 省级煤炭工业管理机构的职责按煤炭部和各省（区、市）政府的规定执行。
第三十三条 培育和发展煤炭市场，发挥市场调节作用。
－－逐步按供求关系建立煤炭市场价格体系，形成全国统一的煤炭产品报价系统。
－－在煤炭产地、销地或集散地开办国家级和若干地区性煤炭交易市场。
－－在自愿的基础上，组建集多种功能的综合性的流通集团，实现产供销一体化与社会化。
－－煤炭工业管理部门积极引导企业参与市场竞争。
第三十四条 各级煤炭工业管理部门努力为企业提供服务：
－－加强统计工作，汇集、发布与煤炭生产经营有关的各方面信息。
－－促进煤炭企业产业结构的调整，支持和帮助煤炭企业进行转产，为发展多种经营筹集资金、调剂人才、开拓国内外市场。
－－对煤矿重大灾害防治进行技术咨询，对事故组织行业范围内的救援服务。

第五章 保护煤炭企业的合法权益
第三十五条 煤炭企业依法占有、开采的矿产资源（按照国家批准的文件和设计，由国家投资建设并已明确划分井田开采范围以内的煤炭储量，以及与煤共生、伴生的其它矿产储量），受国家法律保护。任何部门、单位和个人，未经煤炭企业同意和煤炭工业管理部门批准，不得开采煤
矿井田范围内矿产资源，不得在威胁煤矿安全生产的地段内从事任何生产经营活动。煤炭工业管理部门支持煤炭企业依据国家的有关法律、法规，抵制各种侵占企业资源的非法行为，以保护国有资产的完整和企业的资源权益。
第三十六条 煤炭企业对来自各方面扰乱企业正常生产秩序、影响安全生产的行为，应依法加以抵制。煤炭工业管理部门协助地方政府维护煤炭企业的生产经营秩序。
第三十七条 对任何部门、单位和个人违反《条例》的行为，煤炭工业管理部门支持企业按照《条例》和《行政诉讼法》规定，向政府和政府有关部门申诉、举报，或者依法向法院起诉。
第三十八条 煤炭企业与运输、电力、冶金等企业签订的经济合同，任何一方不得违约、毁约。如发生违约、毁约现象，可提请政府有关部门仲裁，或依法追究违约方的责任。
第三十九条 煤炭企业征用土地和村庄搬迁，经双方协商签订合同，合同双方必须严格执行。地方政府和煤炭工业管理部门对协定或合同的执行给予必要的协调和监督。
第四十条 煤炭行业现有的协会、学会、研究会、基金会等社会团体，要精简组织，讲究实效，搞好服务。对上述社团组织举办的各种活动，企业可根据需要自愿参加。
第四十一条 煤炭工业管理部门要精简会议，精减文件。煤炭部各业务职能部门召开的专业会议，确需副局长参加的，必须由分管副部长批准；确需局长参加的，必须由部长批准。
第四十二条 除法律和国务院另有规定外，各级煤炭工业管理部门不再对企业统一组织评比、评优、达标、升级、鉴定、考试、考核等活动，不得强制企业人员参加各种培训。

第六章 附 则
第四十三条 本办法适用于具有独立法人资格的全民所有制煤炭工业企业。企业化管理的事业单位可参照实行。
第四十四条 煤炭部及各业务职能部门有关文件内容与本办法相抵触的，以本办法为准。
第四十五条 本办法由煤炭工业部负责解释。
第四十六条 本办法自颁布之日起实施。



1994年1月18日

The Draft Constitution and Human Rights Protection in European Union

周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)

1 the general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
3 the new points in aspect of human rights in the draft constitution
3.1 common values
3.2 incorporation of the Charter of fundamental rights
3.3 other changes could affect the human rights
4 arisen questions
4.1 the protection different from under the Convention
4.2 the two courts system and its application
5 conclusions in a historical view




1 general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights

“Conscious that Europe is a continent that has brought forth civilization; That its inhabitants, arriving in successive waves from earliest times, have gradually developed the values underlying humanism: equality of persons, freedom, respect for reason” Extract from the preamble to the draft Constitution

In past 16 years, the European Union (EU hereafter) has marked itself through a series of changes. From The Single European Act, in which the Union committed itself to create a single market and at the same time establish on its territory the freedom of movement of people, goods, services as well as capital, to Maastricht Treaty, which brought the Union into reality and led to common foreign policy and cooperation in the area of justice and internal affairs as a higher level cooperation among Member States. Then the following Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) Treaties, strengthened cooperation in foreign and security policy and placed Justice and Home Affairs matters and established the frame for the Union as a legitimate institution, in which people from different nations integrated in a large region would have common historical direction and splendid future before them. Just before the door of enlargement of the Union, it was argued that the Union has to improve democracy and transparency as well as efficiency, in order to outlines the EU’s purpose and competence clearly and streamline structures so as to prevent paralysis, therefore a new constitution for the Union is determined to replace the EU's series of key treaties in passed over the last 50 years as a single document .

Under leading of former French President and master draftsman Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the European Convention set about its work of drafting the European Union's first ever full-fledged constitution. With the convention's work completed, the draft must now be finalized by an Intergovernmental Conference of European leaders that is expected to complete deliberations by the end of the 2003. As far as our topic is concerned, noticeably modifications come out in the constitution contract, first of all, the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which we will discuss later. In the beginning it is meaningful to consider the statues of the draft constitution in the progress course of the Union. The Union desires to bring peace and prosperity, to promote economic and social progress through continuously integrating market and expanding freedom under light of united institution and social systems . These goals, however, are the foundation of development and protection of human rights . That means, if we regard human rights as a series right which realized at first in peaceful and law-ruling society, then the Union has already kept on entrenching to appreciate these goal from beginning on, and now by means of perusing such goal in a larger region through enlargement, the EU’s influence extent to broader area and more people.

The draft constitution then in such context should be viewed as another historical phase in the process. Because the promoting of well-being and fortune of people depend not only on the development of economic situation and adding some single freedom clauses into the governmental documents, but also upon the entire politic system and background in which we live. Without governing based on democratic and effective institutional structure, and especially a ripe legislation and judiciary mechanism, the realization and protection of human rights could only be on the paper. This is also one of the motive caused the Declaration on the future of the European Union which committed the Union to becoming more democratic, more transparent and effective, in order to pave the way for a Constitution in response to the expectations of the people of Europe . In this perspective, one shall recognize the Constitution as a moving forward step of the whole EU institutionalization targeting its goal, so that to discuss the Constitution in connection with the human right protection, it is helpful to review the human rights protection in Europe and, especially in EU.

2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union

The protection of human rights has been internationally come to life in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (UDHR) with reorganization of disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind and respect for inherent dignity as well as the equal rights of all members of the human. This declaration states explicitly that the rights and freedoms of humans have to be guaranteed without distinction and destruction by any group, state or person. These principles were broadly accepted by European countries, considering the origin of the EU (EC) and the historical separation in Europe after WWII, we denote only the contracting countries of European Community.

For the Member States of EC, the Council of Europe has been up to now the most important instrument, which established in 1949 as a result of the Congress of Europe in The Hague , and took for the basic of the human rights protection. The Council accepted the principles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and integrated it into The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the Convention hereafter), which and its 12 Protocols turned out to be the significant resource for Human Rights protection in Europe. Because of the existence of the Convention, the other two organizations established in the same age aftermath of the Second World War, i.e. OEEC and the European Communities didn’t include relevant clauses for Human Rights protection into their founding treaties. Since it was agreed at that time, the Council of Europe would focus on the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democratic values, whereas the OECD and the European Communities were to be concerned with the economic restoration of Europe. The reason of separate organizations was based on a view to avoiding economic excuses for future inhumanity. Another reason came from the thought, which believed that the process of economic integration set forth in the Community Treaties could not lead to a violation of human rights. Furthermore, the original Member States in the Treaty of Rome feared, that the inclusion of a "bill of rights" in the Treaty might have brought about an undesirable expansion of Community powers, since it could lead Community institutions to interpret their powers as extending to anything not explicitly prohibited by the enumerated guarantees.

Under the regime of Council of Europe, a lots of achievement of human rights improvement has been reached , yet along with the development and expansion of EU, another mechanism on protection of human rights which does not totally rely on the Council of Europe has derived out on one hand, on the other hand being lack of provisions ruling human rights protection in the Treaty establishing EC did not prevent the EC and the later European Union from providing care for the protection against the violations on human rights. Naturally, how could a swelling supranational organization as EC, which has been continually strengthening its power in all social aspects, does not involve in human rights issues especially when the consciousness of human rights nowadays become more significant both in international and national stages? Regarding to EU, The protection system has been formed in three aspects.

First of all, the legislation in the Member States of EU. Since there were no Member States of EU (EC) which accedes to the Community without being a member of the Council of Europe, and according to the Convention, it impose obligations on the Member States that they should ensure that the internal laws and practices comply with the human rights standards set out in the instruments. Very member states in EU have recognize the principles derived from the Convention and incorporated them somehow into national laws, most importantly, provided constitutive protection as the basic legal resource for human rights protection. For example in Germany, Basic Law (Grundgesetz) Art 1 to 19 deliver explicit provisions even beyond the Convention; the same case as Part VIII (§71-85) in Constitution of Denmark ; in Britain the Act of Human Rights came into force on 2 October 2000 steers extending a ways, in which the Convention can be used before domestic courts. Certainly, according to the classic human rights lessons, the basic protection of human rights could only be afforded at the national level through national legislation and excise of authoritative power.

Secondly, the institutions and legislation at the EU level acts also with high respect to the human rights protection. The EU has showed its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms and has explicitly confirmed the EU's attachment to fundamental social rights ever since its establishment.

The Amsterdam Treaty established procedures intended to secure their protection. It was ascertained, as a general principle, that the European Union should respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, upon which the Union is founded. For the first time a procedure is introduced, according to which severe and continuing violations of Fundamental Rights can lead to suspension of voting and other rights of a member state, if the Union determined the existence of a serious and persistent breach of these principles by that Member State. As to the Candidate countries, they should also respect these principles to join the Union. Furthermore, It has also given the European Court of Justice the power to ensure respect of fundamental rights and freedoms by the European institutions. In accordance with the inner requirement for the implementation of development cooperation operations, in order to reach objective of developing and consolidating democracy, EU also need its rule respecting for human rights. Such cases we have are for instance the EU Council’s regulation on human rights, Council Regulation (EC) No 975/199 and Council Regulation (EC) No 976/1999 for example, are aimed at providing technical and financial aid for operations to promote and protect of civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights etc.

Likewise, at their meeting in Cologne in June 1999, EU leaders declared that in respect to the current stage of progress of the European Union, the fundamental rights applicable at Union level should be pushed forward, namely be consolidated in a Charter and thereby made more evident. They argued, that the legal resources of human rights protection come from not only the European Convention of Human Right, but also from various international conventions drawn up by the Council of Europe as well as the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, they also include EU treaties themselves and from the case law of the European Court of Justice. As a result, a Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter hereinafter) was sketch out, which highlighted the EU’s respect for human rights, for fundamental freedoms and for the principle of democracy through listing more rights a more precise definition of the common values comparing the early documents including the Convention. We will continue to concentrate on the Charter in point 3 since it has been integrated in the draft Constitution as an outstanding achievement.

Finally, the opinion and case-law of European Court of Justice (ECJ hereafter) also have immense impact on the establishment of the instrument of human rights protection within EU.

Although the jurisprudence developed by the ECJ recognizes the Convention as the standard-setter in cases in which the Court has to consider and decide a human rights issue, since there were no relevant legislation existed in the frame of the Community, the ECJ furnish itself power in this aspect by means of case-law. Earlier in 1974, the ECJ first made reference to the ECHR in the Nold judgment, in which the ECJ emphasized its commitment to fundamental human rights based on the constitutional traditions of the Member States’ fundamental rights form an integral part of the general principles of law which the Court enforces. In assuring the protection of such rights, the Court is required to base itself on the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and therefore could not allow measures, which are incompatible with the fundamental rights recognized and guaranteed by the constitutions of such States. The ECJ declared, that the international treaties on the protection of human rights in which the Member States have cooperated or to which they have adhered could also supply indications which may be taken into account within the framework of Community law.

That implied, even without clear regulations in the treaties, the remedy against violation on human rights could also be provided within the framework of the Community in respect for the common traditions applied to the Member States, and in connection with we have mentioned about the Member States’ above, the principles and resource applied to the Member States derived from the Council of Europe. Thus a EU standard could be established by transform a rating comparison of the members’ legal systems to the case-law in ECJ in respect for human rights.