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世纪之交法理学面临的双重历史性任务/文正邦

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世纪之交法理学面临的双重历史性任务

2000年11月5日 10:26 政治与法律 1996.5

处于世纪之交的中国法理学以及法理学工作者面临着双重的历史性任务:一是科学地总结过去;二是妥善地规划未来,而若从现在开始,还包括思考和筹划“九五”期间法理学的发展战略问题。这两大历史任务紧密联系、有机衔接。

为了科学地总结过去,就必须站在世纪交接的历史性高度来进行全面、系统的分析研究、概括总结,冷静地审视中国法理学本世纪以来的历史行程,展露其矛盾运动变化轨迹,务必求真求实,努力揭示出其中带有规律性的东西,才能恰当地估价成绩和问题,科学地总结出它的经验和教训,以作为往后发展的理论准备和储备。

为此,我认为,可分为近期、中期和远期三个时期来进行总结。

近期,即总结改革开放以来(可从1978年12月党的十一届三中全会开始)中国法理学前所未有的蓬勃发展和巨大成就,这是重点。因为在这个时期中,中国法理学冲破了“左”的束缚,为社会主义民主、法制建设和整个法学发展制造舆论,提供理论指导和依据,其功绩昭著,同时也在矛盾斗争中倔强发展和逐渐趋向成熟,不断完善其自身。在这个时期中,法理学发展的基本趋向是在建设社会主义商品(市场)经济、民主政治的新的历史条件下,努力树立法律权威,实践法学重心及价值功能的转移(从阶级斗争为纲转移到以经济建设为中心),以及建立和深化社会主义的法治理论。其矛盾运动的轨迹是寻求“坚持”和“发展”马克思主义法学,理论和实践,科学性和实践性,深度和广度,纵向和横向,以及批评与建设,破与立的辩证统一。并为法制现代化和法学现代化,法理学的改革、创新及理论法学学科体系和法学方法论建设作出了贡献。为21世纪中国法理学的发展奠定了理论基础、思想条件和斗争经验。

中期,即总结从新中国成立到改革开放这30年中我国法学基本理论曲折发展的风雨历程,这可重在反思。在这个时期中,一方面,由于马克思主义法学思想和理论逐步实现为中国的社会主义法制(无产阶级专政),从而为巩固人民政权和建立社会主义制度作出了不可磨灭的贡献;但是另一方面,这个时期的中国法理学无论在内容和形式、理论和方法、体系和结构上都曾受到“左”的影响,使前苏联的国家与法的理论成为这个时期法理学的主导理论,把阶级斗争为纲作为这个时期法学理论以及法律实践所围绕的中心。这种“左”的影响和痕迹,乃至现在也并未完全消除并时而有所冒头,成为影响中国法学和法理学健康发展的顽疾和走向现代化过程中的最大障碍。

远期,是总结从本世纪初即清末的“改制”、“立宪”以来,经过民国的“宪政”、“法制”到新中国成立的近半个世纪中,西方法学思想和马克思主义法学观在中国逐渐传播和艰难发展的极其复杂的过程,这还尚待探索。因为这个时期中,占统治地位的是封建主义法学思想以及国民党维护旧法统的半封建、半殖民地的法学思想,这成为旧中国专制统治的一种思想支柱。但是西方资产阶级法制理论的传入,事实上也促成了中国法制近代化的进程,何况此时马克思主义法学观在中国的传播和(在根据地政权)局部实现,也很值得我们认真地予以研究和进行科学阐述。

如何妥善地规划未来以及筹划“九五”期间法理学的发展战略,则是更为紧迫而光荣的任务。在此仅谈谈个人的一些想法和意见,以期能引起对这一重大问题的关注。 我认为,考虑“九五”期间以及21世纪中国法理学的发展,需要把握以下一些思路。

一、社会转型对法理学发展的深远影响和巨大推动作用

中国社会从改革开放以来就处于一个新的社会转型时期,即从计划经济转向市场经济,从高度集中统一的政治体制转向适度分权和合理制衡的社会主义民主政体,从主要靠政策和行政手段转向以宪法至尊、法律至尚、民权至重的社会主义法治国。随着社会主义市场经济的发展,从传统的总揽一切的政治国家中分离出了市民社会,出现了多元的经济主体、利益格局以及社会价值体系。标志着中国社会从传统型社会向现代型社会转型中迈出了巨大步伐。这一社会转型即从本世纪70年代末、80年代初以来中国社会所发生并正在经历着的深刻变革。这一转型期至今远未结束并将延伸到21世纪前期。与此相呼应的,在世界范围内从两极对立的冷战时期转向多极多元的以和平、发展为主题,以综合国力竞争和加强国际联系为特征的政治经济新格局。社会主义制度经受严峻考验后正在重新调整和集聚其生命力。

这一切均给法理学的发展以深远影响和巨大的推动,要求面临世纪之交和跨向21世纪的中国法理学和法理学工作者应以高度的时代责任感和历史使命感、紧迫感和积极变革、勇于创新的精神奋发努力,大胆探索和开拓,以实现和完成法理学的转型。具体而言:

1.以建设中国特色的社会主义现代法理学为战略目标,以社会主义市场经济为实践基础和客观依据,对法理学的理论、体系和方法的深化、发展、更新及完善取得重大进展和突破,从而为我国法制现代化和法学现代化作出重大努力和贡献,彻底摆脱“注释法学”、法学“幼稚”、“落后”的状态,使21世纪的中国法理学以崭新的姿态和面貌屹立于学术之林,为中国完成社会变革、建成社会主义法治国提供优异的法学智慧。

2.进一步实现法学重心以及法的价值功能的转换和转移,使法律从阶级斗争、政治统治的得力工具转变为组织经济建设和调整整个社会生活的有效手段,从强调义务转变为也重视权利,以实现权利和义务的高度统一,从重禁止、限制、束缚、制裁转变为重促进、引导、教育、预测,从公法一统转变为私法亦优位,从单纯地突出阶级性转变为重视法的社会性、民主性、文明性、科学性,从着眼于变革、巩固和发展生产关系转变为促进、保护和发展生产力,从对政治及经济领域的调整扩展到对科学技术和文化发展的调整。

3.法理学的转型、更新以及变革都不是割断历史,而是在其以往发展状态基础上的一种质变和否定之否定。因此法理学发展中已存在的一系列重大主题和难题都将继续展现,而“九五”期间和21世纪前期法理学的成就很大程度上就取决于对这些问题的解决程度。所以,法理学的转型也必然会在正确处理批评与建设、继承与创新、坚持与发展马克思主义以及中国特色与国际化趋向等对立统一关系中进行。

二、走向实践——法理学的生机和活力所在

实践永远是推动法理学发展的动力,法理学的科学性很大程度上就寓于它的实践性之中,即只有在正确地回答、概括和总结现实生活及时代发展所提出的课题的基础上,法理学才能完善自身。因此,面临世纪之交的中国法理学当然不会对下列重大问题袖手旁观:建立和发展社会主义市场经济体制及现代企业制度,经济增长方式从粗放型转向集约型,处理好改革、发展、稳定等一系列重要关系,以使经济和社会协调发展,进一步加强社会主义民主、法制和精神文明建设,加快政治体制改革和廉政步伐,实现“一国两制”,实施科教兴国,加强国际竞争的实力和加速各种相关体制的国际接轨等。只有积极走向实践、深入实践,以努力增强其实践性,法理学才能为处于伟大变革和社会转型期中的我国各部门法学的发展、繁荣及法制实践的科学化、现代化提供充分、有力的理论指导和依据,也才能增强法学的参与性和理论地位,使法学能象经济学一样充分发挥其在国家决策和战略发展中的重要作用。

三、增强科学性——法理学急需完善自身

走向实践、增强实践性,不等于搞实用主义,机械地追随形势的发展,甚至盲目地充当政治的工具;也不等于把实践中的问题简单地翻译成法学的概念或用语。而需通过理性的提炼、加工、改造、制作,使之上升为科学、严密的理论体系和逻辑体系,具有可证性(经过证伪)和不矛盾性。以便从理论思维的高度和深度,体现和把握现实生活和时代发展的本质、特征、规律性,才能形成科学的理论。若从这种意义上说来,真正以马克思主义为指导的,立足于中国社会主义法制实践的,又吸纳世界法律文化精华,并体现当代时代精神的法理学理论还并未形成。我国法理学从理论和方法到体系和结构,都还没有完全摆脱旧的思维习惯和方式的影响,不同程度地带有以往时代的痕迹和烙印。例如,关于法学应实现现代化和努力学习国际经验,以摆脱其落后和封闭状态这一关系到我国法学发展战略的重要问题;法应该反映经济发展和社会生活的客观规律;必须具有科学性这一现代法的基本要求;以及不仅应从生产关系,而且应深入到生产力即从经济发展的根源性来更深入地认识法产生、发展的规律及社会主义法的本质、特征;并应重视对法进行利益分析等符合时代要求的新的思维方式和方法论。坚持理论的科学性就是求实、求真,就是坚持理论的彻底性,而只有彻底的理论才能说服人,才能掌握群众并转化成物质力量推动社会前进。因此,只有坚持与增强法理学的科学性和理论的彻底性才能不断完善其自身,保持其理论锐气而与时代精神相合拍。

四、法治论——经久而常新的重大理论课题

社会主义法治论应该是我国法理学中最富有生气的一种核心理论,它经久而常新,具有永不衰竭的生命力,对我国法学理论和法制实践的发展具有重大的意义。它包括社会主义法治意识和观念的培养和树立,社会主义法治各类制度的建设和完善,社会主义法治秩序的形成和维护,社会主义法治环境的创设和优化等理论课题,堪称是一宏大的社会系统工程。

我国实现社会主义法治的焦点在于树立和增强法律的权威,其难点是法的实现。由于转型期中制度和体制建设的复杂性和滞后性,法制的不健全和人治习惯势力的顽固,以及市场经济的负面效应未得到有效的抑制,特别是腐败现象的扩散和侵入执法、司法领域,使社会主义法制的尊严和法律的权威受到严重削弱,权对法的抗衡、钱对法的引诱、情对法的消融,已成为经济和社会健康发展的一种阻力。而法律效果不佳,立法目的难以实现,法律的有效实施受到种种因素的制约,已成为顺利实行社会主义法治必须着力解决的主要矛盾。这些都需要从实现社会全面进步的战略高度来妥善地予以解决。

五、法制现代化和法学现代化——法学理论和实践发展的总趋势

我国社会转型期的整个法制发展和法学发展的基本趋势和总体目标都是为了实现法制现代化和法学现代化,即建设有中国特色的社会主义现代法制和法学。在法制现代化和法学现代化的旗帜下,可以调动和汇聚法制和法学发展中的一切积极因素,可以很好地回顾过去、反思现在、展望未来,也可以纵览横析中外以取其精要。法制现代化和法学现代化都是一个持续不断的动态的过程,它们由社会变革所引起,同社会变革相伴而行,是我国社会主义现代化宏伟事业中的一个组成部分。法制现代化以法学现代化为理论指导,法学现代化以法制现代化为依托和载体,法学现代化所带来的直接社会效果就是法制的现代化。

法学现代化包括应具有现代化的观念、形成现代化的理论,构建现代化的结构和体系、运用现代化的方法和手段等,而且现代化进程将涵盖法学的各个领域和部门,对整个法学发展产生全方位的影响、改造和推进作用,进而带动法制实践的科学化、现代化。

国家商检局关于加强边贸出口肉类等冻品检验管理的通知

国家商检局


国家商检局关于加强边贸出口肉类等冻品检验管理的通知

     (国检检〔1991〕269号 一九九一年十月十九日)

 

各直属商检局:

  据经贸部驻广州特派员办事处和五丰行反映,今年以来,冻肉类“水货”严重冲销香港市场,一些投机商利用边贸名义和我商检证将冻肉、冻乳猪转运香港,低价冲销,使我冻肉、冻乳猪在港销售减少,给国家造成严重经济损失。

  为防止以边贸名义搞“水货”,请各局加强边贸出口肉类产品的检验管理:

  1、边贸肉类产品的检验管理按正常贸易办理,产品必须来自卫生注册厂,经产地商检局检验合格,方准出口;

  2、接受边贸报验时要仔细审查各种单证(包括产地商检单证),齐合后方准接受报验。

  3、对伪造、变造(涂改,以旧证骗新证)商检单证的要按《商检法》的有关规定严肃查处。


国务院关于修改《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》的决定(附英文)

国务院


国务院关于修改《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》的决定(附英文)
1992年3月18日,国务院

决定
国务院根据《中华人民共和国海关法》的规定和几年来海关工作的实践经验,决定对《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》作如下修改和补充:
一、第二条增加一款,作为第二款:“从境外采购进口的原产于中国境内的货物,海关依照《海关进出口税则》征收进口关税。”
二、第五条修改为:“进出境的旅客行李物品和个人邮递物品征免税办法,由国务院关税税则委员会另行规定。”
三、第六条修改为:“进口关税设普通税率和优惠税率。对原产于与中华人民共和国未订有关税互惠协议的国家或者地区的进口货物,按照普通税率征税;对原产于与中华人民共和国订有关税互惠协议的国家或者地区的进口货物,按照优惠税率征税。
前款规定按照普通税率征税的进口货物,经国务院关税税则委员会特别批准,可以按照优惠税率征税。
任何国家或者地区对其进口的原产于中华人民共和国的货物征收歧视性关税或者给予其他歧视性待遇的,海关对原产于该国家或者地区的进口货物,可以征收特别关税。征收特别关税的货物品种、税率和起征、停征时间,由国务院关税税则委员会决定,并公布施行。”
四、删去第七条。
五、增加一条,作为第七条:“进出口货物,应当依照《海关进出口税则》规定的归类原则归入合适的税号,并按照适用的税率征税。”
六、增加一条,作为第九条:“进出口货物的补税和退税,适用该进出口货物原申报进口或者出口之日所实施的税率。具体办法由海关总署另行规定。”
七、第十条改为第十一条,修改为:“进口货物的到岸价格经海关审查未能确定的,海关应当依次以下列价格为基础估定完税价格:
(一)从该项进口货物同一出口国或者地区购进的相同或者类似货物的成交价格;
(二)该项进口货物的相同或者类似货物在国际市场上的成交价格;
(三)该项进口货物的相同或者类似货物在国内市场上的批发价格,减去进口关税、进口环节其他税收以及进口后的运输、储存、营业费用及利润后的价格;
(四)海关用其他合理方法估定的价格。”
八、第十二条改为第十三条,增加一款作为第二款:“前款所述货物的品种和具体管理办法,由海关总署另行规定。”
九、增加一条,作为第十五条:“进口货物的完税价格,应当包括为了在境内制造、使用、出版或者发行的目的而向境外支付的与该进口货物有关的专利、商标、著作权以及专有技术、计算机软件和资料等费用。”
十、第十四条改为第十六条,修改为:“出口货物应当以海关审定的货物售与境外的离岸价格,扣除出口关税后,作为完税价格。离岸价格不能确定时,完税价格由海关估定。”
十一、增加一条,作为第十七条:“进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人,应当如实向海关申报进出口货物的成交价格。申报的成交价格明显低于或者高于相同或者类似货物的成交价格的,由海关依照本条例的规定确定完税价格。”
十二、第二十二条改为第二十五条,增加一款作为第二款:“海关应当自受理退税申请之日起三十日内作出书面答复并通知退税申请人。”
十三、第二十四条改为第二十七条,增加一款作为第三款:“因故退还的境外进口货物,由原收货人或者他们的代理人申报出境,并提供原进口单证,经海关审查核实,可以免征出口关税。但是,已征收的进口关税,不予退还。”
十四、第二十七条改为第三十条,增加一款作为第三款:“暂时进口的施工机械、工程车辆、工程船舶等经海关核准酌予延长期限的,在延长期内由海关按照货物的使用时间征收进口关税。具体办法由海关总署另行规定。”
十五、第二十八条改为第三十一条,增加一句:“或者对进口料、件先征进口关税,再按照实际加工出口的成品数量予以退税。”
十六、增加一条,作为第三十五条:“依照国家法律、法规的规定给予特定关税减免优惠的进口货物,在监管年限内经海关核准出售、转让或者移作他用时,应当按照其使用时间折旧估价,补征进口关税。监管年限由海关总署另行规定。”
十七、第三十二条改为第三十六条,修改为:“纳税义务人对海关确定的进出口货物的征税、减税、补税或者退税等有异议时,应当先按照海关核定的税额缴纳税款,然后自海关填发税款缴纳证之日起三十日内,向海关书面申请复议。逾期申请复议的,海关不予受理。”
此外,对部分条文的文字和条款的顺序作了相应的修改和调整。
本决定自一九九二年四月一日起施行。
《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》根据本决定作相应的修正,重新发布。

中华人民共和国进出口关税条例

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了贯彻对外开放政策,促进对外经济贸易和国民经济的发展,根据《中华人民共和国海关法》的有关规定,制定本条例。
第二条 中华人民共和国准许进出口的货物,除国家另有规定的以外,海关依照《中华人民共和国海关进出口税则》(以下简称《海关进出口税则》)征收进口关税或者出口关税。
从境外采购进口的原产于中国境内的货物,海关依照《海关进出口税则》征收进口关税。
《海关进出口税则》是本条例的组成部分。
第三条 国务院成立关税税则委员会,其职责是提出制定或者修订《进出口关税条例》、《海关进出口税则》的方针、政策、原则,审议税则修订草案,制定暂定税率,审定局部调整税率。
国务院关税税则委员会的组成由国务院规定。
第四条 进口货物的收货人、出口货物的发货人,是关税的纳税义务人。
接受委托办理有关手续的代理人,应当遵守本条例对其委托人的各项规定。
第五条 进出境的旅客行李物品和个人邮递物品征免税办法,由国务院关税税则委员会另行规定。

第二章 税率的运用
第六条 进口关税设普通税率和优惠税率。对原产于与中华人民共和国未订有关税互惠协议的国家或者地区的进口货物,按照普通税率征税;对原产于与中华人民共和国订有关税互惠协议的国家或者地区的进口货物,按照优惠税率征税。
前款规定按照普通税率征税的进口货物,经国务院关税税则委员会特别批准,可以按照优惠税率征税。
任何国家或者地区对其进口的原产于中华人民共和国的货物征收歧视性关税或者给予其他歧视性待遇的,海关对原产于该国家或者地区的进口货物,可以征收特别关税。征收特别关税的货物品种、税率和起征、停征时间,由国务院关税税则委员会决定,并公布施行。
第七条 进出口货物,应当依照《海关进出口税则》规定的归类原则归入合适的税号,并按照适用的税率征税。
第八条 进出口货物,应当按照收发货人或者他们的代理人申报进口或者出口之日实施的税率征税。
进口货物到达前,经海关核准先行申报的,应当按照装载此项货物的运输工具申报进境之日实施的税率征税。
第九条 进出口货物的补税和退税,适用该进出口货物原申报进口或者出口之日所实施的税率。具体办法由海关总署另行规定。

第三章 完税价格的审定
第十条 进口货物以海关审定的成交价格为基础的到岸价格作为完税价格。到岸价格包括货价,加上货物运抵中华人民共和国关境内输入地点起卸前的包装费、运费、保险费和其他劳务费等费用。
第十一条 进口货物的到岸价格经海关审查未能确定的,海关应当依次以下列价格为基础估定完税价格:
(一)从该项进口货物同一出口国或者地区购进的相同或者类似货物的成交价格;
(二)该项进口货物的相同或者类似货物在国际市场上的成交价格;
(三)该项进口货物的相同或者类似货物在国内市场上的批发价格,减去进口关税、进口环节其他税收以及进口后的运输、储存、营业费用及利润后的价格;
(四)海关用其他合理方法估定的价格。
第十二条 运往境外修理的机械器具、运输工具或者其他货物,出境时已向海关报明并在海关规定期限内复运进境的,应当以海关审定的修理费和料件费作为完税价格。
第十三条 运往境外加工的货物,出境时已向海关报明并在海关规定期限内复运进境的,应当以加工后的货物进境时的到岸价格与原出境货物或者相同、类似货物在进境时的到岸价格之间的差额,作为完税价格。
前款所述货物的品种和具体管理办法,由海关总署另行规定。
第十四条 以租赁(包括租借)方式进口的货物,应当以海关审定的货物的租金,作为完税价格。
第十五条 进口货物的完税价格,应当包括为了在境内制造、使用、出版或者发行的目的而向境外支付的与该进口货物有关的专利、商标、著作权以及专有技术、计算机软件和资料等费用。
第十六条 出口货物应当以海关审定的货物售与境外的离岸价格,扣除出口关税后,作为完税价格。离岸价格不能确定时,完税价格由海关估定。
第十七条 进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人,应当如实向海关申报进出口货物的成交价格。申报的成交价格明显低于或者高于相同或者类似货物的成交价格的,由海关依照本条例的规定确定完税价格。
第十八条 进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人,在向海关递交进出口货物报关单时,应当交验载明货物的真实价格、运费、保险费和其他费用的发票(如有厂家发票应附在内)、包装清单和其他有关单证。
前款各项单证应当由进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人签印证明无讹。
第十九条 海关审核进出口货物完税价格时,收发货人或者他们的代理人应当交验发票等单证;必要时海关可以检查买卖双方的有关合同、帐册、单据和文件,或者作其他调查。对于已经完税放行的货物,海关仍可检查货物的上述有关资料。
第二十条 进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人,在递交进出口货物报关单时未交验第十八条规定的各项单证的,应当按照海关估定的完税价格完税;事后补交单证的,税款不予调整。
第二十一条 进出口货物的到岸价格、离岸价格或者租金、修理费、料件费等以外币计价的,由海关按照填发税款缴纳证之日国家外汇管理部门公布的《人民币外汇牌价表》的买卖中间价,折合人民币计征关税。《人民币外汇牌价表》未列入的外币,按照国家外汇管理部门确定的汇率折合人民币。

第四章 税款的缴纳、退补
第二十二条 进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人,应当在海关填发税款缴纳证的次日起七日内(星期日和法定节假日除外),向指定银行缴纳税款。逾期缴纳的,除依法追缴外,由海关自到期的次日起至缴清税款日止,按日加收欠缴税款1‰的滞纳金。
第二十三条 海关征收关税、滞纳金等,除海关总署另有规定的以外,应当按人民币计征。
第二十四条 海关征收关税、滞纳金等,应当制发收据。收据格式由海关总署规定。
第二十五条 有下列情形之一的,进出口货物的收发货人或者他们的代理人,可以自缴纳税款之日起一年内,书面声明理由,连同原纳税收据向海关申请退税,逾期不予受理:
(一)因海关误征,多纳税款的;
(二)海关核准免验进口的货物,在完税后,发现有短卸情事,经海关审查认可的;
(三)已征出口关税的货物,因故未装运出口,申报退关,经海关查验属实的。
海关应当自受理退税申请之日起三十日内作出书面答复并通知退税申请人。
第二十六条 进出口货物完税后,如发现少征或者漏征税款,海关应当自缴纳税款或者货物放行之日起一年内,向收发货人或者他们的代理人补征。因收发货人或者他们的代理人违反规定而造成少征或者漏征的,海关在三年内可以追征。

第五章 关税的减免及审批程序
第二十七条 下列货物,经海关审查无讹,可以免税:
(一)关税税额在人民币十元以下的一票货物;
(二)无商业价值的广告品和货样;
(三)外国政府、国际组织无偿赠送的物资;
(四)进出境运输工具装载的途中必需的燃料、物料和饮食用品。
因故退还的我国出口货物,由原发货人或者他们的代理人申报进境,并提供原出口单证,经海关审查核实,可以免征进口关税。但是,已征收的出口关税,不予退还。
因故退还的境外进口货物,由原收货人或者他们的代理人申报出境,并提供原进口单证,经海关审查核实,可以免征出口关税。但是,已征收的进口关税,不予退还。
第二十八条 有下列情形之一的进口货物,海关可以酌情减免关税:
(一)在境外运输途中或者在起卸时,遭受损坏或者损失的;
(二)起卸后海关放行前,因不可抗力遭受损坏或者损失的;
(三)海关查验时已经破漏、损坏或者腐烂,经证明不是保管不慎造成的。
第二十九条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约规定减征、免征关税的货物、物品,海关应当按照规定予以减免关税。
第三十条 经海关核准暂时进境或者暂时出境并在六个月内复运出境或者复运进境的货样、展览品、施工机械、工程车辆、工程船舶、供安装设备时使用的仪器和工具、电视或者电影摄制器械、盛装货物的容器以及剧团服装道具,在货物收发货人向海关缴纳相当于税款的保证金或者提供担保后,准予暂时免纳关税。
前款规定的六个月期限,海关可以根据情况酌予延长。
暂时进口的施工机械、工程车辆、工程船舶等经海关核准酌予延长期限的,在延长期内由海关按照货物的使用时间征收进口关税。具体办法由海关总署另行规定。
第三十一条 为境外厂商加工、装配成品和为制造外销产品而进口的原材料、辅料、零件、部件、配套件和包装物料,海关按照实际加工出口的成品数量免征进口关税;或者对进口料、件先征进口关税,再按照实际加工出口的成品数量予以退税。
第三十二条 无代价抵偿的进出口货物的关税征免办法,由海关总署另行规定。
第三十三条 经济特区等特定地区进出口的货物,中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业等特定企业进出口的货物以及其他依法给予关税减免优惠的进出口货物,按照国家有关规定减税或者免税。
第三十四条 收发货人或者他们的代理人,要求对其进出口货物临时减征或者免征进出口关税的,应当在货物进出口前书面说明理由,并附必要的证明和资料,向所在地海关申请。所在地海关审查属实后,转报海关总署,由海关总署或者海关总署会同财政部按照国务院的规定审查批准。
第三十五条 依照国家法律、法规的规定给予特定关税减免优惠的进口货物,在监管年限内经海关核准出售、转让或者移作他用时,应当按照其使用时间折旧估价,补征进口关税。监管年限由海关总署另行规定。

第六章 申诉程序
第三十六条 纳税义务人对海关确定的进出口货物的征税、减税、补税或者退税等有异议时,应当先按照海关核定的税额缴纳税款,然后自海关填发税款缴纳证之日起三十日内,向海关书面申请复议。逾期申请复议的,海关不予受理。
第三十七条 海关应当自收到复议申请之日起十五日内作出复议决定。
纳税义务人对复议决定不服的,可以自收到复议决定书之日起十五日内,向海关总署申请复议。
第三十八条 海关总署收到纳税义务人的复议申请后,应当在三十日内作出复议决定,并制成决定书交海关送达申请人。
纳税义务人对海关总署的复议决定仍然不服的,可以自收到复议决定书之日起十五日内,向人民法院起诉。

第七章 罚 则
第三十九条 违反本条例的规定构成走私或者违反海关监管规定的行为的,依照《中华人民共和国海关法》、《中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则》和其他有关法律、法规的规定处理。

第八章 附 则
第四十条 海关对检举或者协助查获违反本条例的偷税漏税行为的单位和个人,应当按照规定给予奖励,并负责保密。
第四十一条 本条例由中华人民共和国海关总署负责解释。
第四十二条 本条例自一九九二年四月一日起施行。

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON IMPORT AND EXPORTDUTIES

(Promulgated by the State Council on March 7, 1985, amended andpromulgated by the State Council on September 12, 1987, amended andpromulgated for a second time on March 18, 1992 according to the Decisionof the State Council on Am
ending the Regulations of the People's Republicof China onImport and Export Duties)

Important Notice: (注意事项)
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON IMPORT AND EXPORT DUTIES
(Promulgated by the State Council on March 7, 1985, amended and
promulgated by the State Council on September 12, 1987, amended and
promulgated for a second time on March 18, 1992 according to the Decision
of the State Council on Amending the Regulations of the People's Republic
of China on Import and Export Duties)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the relevant
provisions of Customs Law of the People's Republic of China with a view to
implementing the policy of opening to the outside world and promoting the
development of foreign economic relations and foreign trade and the
national economy.
Article 2
All goods permitted to be imported into or exported out of the People's
Republic of China shall, unless otherwise provided for by the State, be
subject to the levy of Customs import or export duties according to the
Customs Import and Export Tariff of the People's Republic of China
(hereinafter referred to as Customs Import and Export Tariff).
If goods originating within Chinese territory are purchased from outside
Chinese territory for import, Customs shall levy import duty in accordance
with the Customs Import and Export Tariff.
Customs Import and Export Tariff is an integral part of these Regulations.
Article 3
The Tariff Commission established by the State Council is charged with the
responsibility to formulate or amend the guideline, policies and
principles for Regulations on Import and Export Duties and Customs Import
and Export Tariff, to examine the draft of amendments of Tariff, to set
temporary tariff rates and to examine and approve partial adjustment of
tariff rates.
The composition of the State Council Customs Tariff Commission shall be
prescribed by the State Council.
Article 4
Both the consignee of imports and the consignor of exports are persons
obligated to pay Customs duties.
The agent entrusted to go through the related procedures shall abide by
all the provisions of these Regulations pertaining to his client.
Article 5
The measures on the levy of or exemption from import or export duties on
incoming and outgoing passengers luggage and articles and on personal
postal matters shall be formulated by the State Council Customs Tariff
Commission.

Chapter II Application of Tariff Rates
Article 6
Customs import duty shall be calculated in accordance with general tariff
rates and preferential tariff rates. The general tariff rate shall apply
to an import originating in a country or region with which the People's
Republic of China has not yet signed an agreement containing reciprocal
preferential tariff clauses. The preferential tariff rate shall apply to
an import originating in a country or region with which the People's
Republic of China has signed an agreement containing reciprocal
preferential tariff clauses.
Imports to which general tariff rates apply pursuant to the provisions of
the previous paragraph may have duty levied in accordance with
preferential tariff rates subject to special approval from the State
Council Customs Tariff Commission.
If imports originating in the People's Republic of China are subject to
discriminatory rates of duty or other types of discriminatory treatment by
any country or region, Customs may impose a special Customs duty on
imports originating in the said country or region. The State Council
Customs Tariff Commission shall determine and promulgate for
implementation details of the types of goods subject to the special
Customs duty, the duty rates and the time period when such levies commence
and finish.
Article 7
Import and export commodities shall be classified under appropriate tax
item numbers in accordance with the category provisions of the Customs
Import and Export Tariff and shall be subject to tax levies pursuant to
relevant tax rates.
Article 8
Customs duties shall be levied on imports or exports at the tariff rates
obtaining on the date of declaration for imports or exports by the
consignee or consignor or his agent.
Imports which are permitted by the Customs to be declared prior to their
entry shall be subject to the levy of import duties at the tariff rates
obtaining on the date of entry of the means of transport involved.
Article 9
If an import or export is subject to a supplementary duty payment or
refund of duty, the rate of duty on the date of the good's original import
or export declaration shall apply. The specific measures shall be
formulated by the Customs General Administration.

Chapter III Verification of the Duty-paying Value
Article 10
The duty-paying value of the goods to be imported shall be assessed
according to the CIF price based on the normal transaction price verified
by the Customs. The CIF price shall cover the price of the goods, packing
charges, freight, insurance premiums and other service charges incurred
prior to the unloading of the goods at the port of entry in the Customs
territory of the People's Republic of China.
Article 11
If unable through examination to determine the CIF price of an import, the
Customs shall assess its duty-paying value based successively on the
following prices:
(1) the transaction price of an item equivalent or similar to and from the
same country or region of origin as the said import:
(2) the transaction price on the international market of an item
equivalent or similar to the said import;
(3) the wholesale price on the domestic market of an item equivalent or
similar to the said import, minus import duty, other import-linked taxes
or duty and the post-import transport, storage and business costs and
after-profit price;
(4) a price valued by the Customs using other reasonable methods.
Article 12
The duty-paying value of mechanic appliances, means of transport or any
other goods, which were shipped out of the Customs territory for the
purpose of repairs with the declaration for exports made in advance and
shipped back into the Customs territory within the time limit set by the
Customs shall be identical with the normal charges on the repairs and the
cost of materials and spare parts used for the repairs, both of which
shall be subject to the examination and approval by the Customs.
Article 13
The duty-paying value of the goods which were shipped out of the Customs
territory for processing with the declaration for exports made to the
Customs in advance and shipped back into the Customs territory within the
time limit set by the Customs shall be identical with the difference
between the CIF price of the processed goods at the time of entry and the
CIF price of the original goods shipped out of the Customs territory or of
the identical or similar goods at the time of entry.
The specific measures shall be formulated by the Customs General
Administration governing the varieties of the aforesaid goods and their
control.
Article 14
The duty-paying value of the goods to be imported on lease (including
those for rent) shall be assessed according to the rental for the goods,
which is subject to the examination and approval by the Customs.
Article 15
The duty-paying value of the goods to be imported shall include fees for
patents, trademarks, copyright, proprietary technology, computer software,
information, etc., which are incurred in relation to the said imports and
paid to foreign parties in order that the goods may be manufactured, used,
published or distributed domestically.
Article 16
The duty-paying value of the goods to be exported for sale shall be
identical with the FOB price of the goods with the export duties deducted.
The above FOB price shall be subject to the examination and approval by
the Customs. If unable to determine the FOB price of an export, the
Customs shall assess its duty-paying value.
Article 17
The consignee and consignor of imports or exports or their agents shall
accurately declare the transaction price of the said imports and exports.
If the declared transaction price is significantly lower or higher than
the transaction price of equivalent or similar goods, the Customs shall
determine the duty-paying value pursuant to the provisions of these
Regulations.
Article 18
The consignee of imports or consignor of exports or their agents shall, at
the time of submitting the declaration for imports or exports, produce to
the Customs the invoices indicating the real price, freight, insurance
premiums and other expenses incurred for the goods (with manufactures'
invoices, if any), packing lists and other relevant papers for the
examination and approval by the Customs. All the above invoices and papers
shall be signed and stamped by the consignee or consignor or his agent to
affirm their authenticity.
Article 19
The consignee or consignor or his agent shall produce the invoices and
other papers for the Customs to assess the duty-paying value of the goods
to be imported or exported. If necessary, the Customs may examine the
relevant contracts, accounts, bills and other papers of both the buyers
and the sellers or make any further investigation. The Customs may also
check the above documents and papers even after the levy of Customs duties
on, and the release of the goods in question.
Article 20
In case the consignee and consignor or his agent fail to produce the
relevant documents and papers stipulated in Article 18 for examination by
the Customs at the time of submitting the declaration for imports or
exports, Customs duties shall be levied according to the duty-paying value
assessed by the Customs. No adjustment shall be made of the Customs duties
already collected even though the relevant documents and papers are
subsequently produced to the Customs.
Article 21
In case the CIF price of imports, the FOB price of exports, the rental for
imported or exported goods, the charges on repairs or the cost of
materials and spare parts are computed in foreign currencies, they shall
be converted into RMB at the price between the buying and selling prices
quoted by the State administrative organ in charge of exchange control in
Schedule of Exchange Rates of RMB Against Foreign Currencies on the date
of issuance of the duty memorandum. In case the exchange rate of any
foreign currency is not available in the Schedule, the Customs may apply
the exchange rate set by the above administrative organ.

Chapter IV Payment Refund and Recovery of Customs Duties
Article 22
The consignee or consignor or his agent shall pay Customs duties at the
designated bank within seven days (excluding Sundays and national
holidays) after the date of issuance of the duty memorandum by the
Customs. In case of any payment in arrears, the Customs may order the
fulfilment of the payment according to law, and 1? of the total amount of
the overdue Customs duties shall be charged as a fee on delayed payment
per day from the eighth day to the date of fulfilment of the payment.
Article 23
The Customs shall levy Customs duties and charge fees on delayed payment
of RMB unless otherwise provided for by the Customs General
Administration.
Article 24
The Customs shall issue receipts for any Customs duties collected or any
fees on delayed payment charged. The form of the receipt shall be
prescribed by the Customs General Administration.
Article 25
Under any of the following circumstances, the consignee or the consignor
or his agent may, within one year from the date of payment of Customs
duties, claim for a refund from the Customs by submitting to the Customs a
written application specifying the reasons therefor, and the receipt for
the paid Customs duties attached failing which his claim shall not be
entertained:
(1) any amount of Customs duties is overpaid as a result of the wrong
assessment by the Customs;
(2) any duty paid on goods imported which are exempted from the
examination by the Customs are discovered to be short-landed with the
verification by the Customs;
(3) any duty paid on goods to exported are not shipped for some reasons
and declared to the Customs as shut-out cargo with the verification by the
Customs. Any delayed application for a refund shall not be accepted.
The Customs shall complete a written response and notify a duty refund
applicant within 30 days of accepting a refund application.
Article 26
In case Customs duties are short-levied or not levied on imports or
exports, the Customs may, within one year after the date of payment of
Customs duties or the date of release of the goods, recover the amount of
Customs duties short-levied or not levied. If any imports or exports are
short-levied or not levied owing to an act in violation of the Customs
regulations by the consignee or consignor or his agent, the Customs may
recover from him the Customs duties short-levied or not levied within
three years.

Chapter V Reduction or Exemption of Customs Duties and theProcedures for Examination and Approval
Article 27
Goods falling in any following categories may be exempted from the levy of
Customs duties upon verification by the Customs:
(1) goods of a consignment on which Customs duties are estimated to be
below RMB ten yuan;
(2) advertising matters and samples, which are of no commercial value;
(3) goods and materials, which are rendered gratis by international
organizations or foreign governments;
(4) fuels, stores, beverages and provisions for use en route loaded on any
means of transport, which is in transit across the frontier.
In case any goods exported are shipped back into the Customs territory for
some reason, the original consignor or his agent shall submit a
declaration for entry with the original documents and papers attached and
verified by the Customs, import duties may be exempted. However, the
export duties already collected shall not be refunded. Imports returned
abroad for any reason shall be declared to the Customs at the place of
exit by the original consignee or agent and the original import
documentation shall be presented. If the Customs examination verifies the
details, export duties may be exempted, but import duties already paid
shall not be refunded.
Article 28
The Customs may, in consideration of any of the following circumstances,
grant reduction or exemption of Customs duties on any goods falling in any
of the following categories:
(1) goods damaged, destroyed or lost en route to the Customs territory or
at the time of unloading;
(2) goods damaged, destroyed or lost as a result force majeure after
unloading but prior to release;
(3) goods discovered already leaky, damaged or rotten at the time of the
examination by the Customs, provided the cause is proved to be other than
improper storage.
Article 29
Customs duties shall be reduced or exempted on goods and article in
accordance with the relevant provisions of the international treaties, to
which the People's Republic of China is a contracting or acceding party.
Article 30
The levy of Customs duties may be exempted temporarily on samples,
exhibits, engineering equipment, vehicles and vessels for construction,
instruments and tools for installation, cinematographic and television
apparatus, containers of goods, and theatrical costumes and paraphernalia,
which are permitted by the Customs to be temporarily shipped into or out
of the Customs territory and reshipped out of or into the Customs
territory within six months, provided a deposit of an amount equivalent to
that of the Customs duties or a guarantee is submitted to the Customs by
the consignee or consignor.
The time limit of six months stipulated in the preceding paragraph may be
extended at the discretion of the Customs.
If, subject to examination and approval by the Customs, an extension of
the import period is granted for temporarily imported engineering
equipment, vehicles and vessels for construction, etc, the Customs shall,
during the extension period, levy import duty pursuant to the period of
usage of the respective goods. The specific measures shall be separately
formulated by the Customs General Administration.
Article 31
Raw materials, supplementary materials, parts, components, accessories and
packing materials imported for processing and assembling finished products
for foreign business persons or for manufacturing products for export
shall be exempt from import duties pursuant to the actual amount of goods
processed for export; or import duties may be levied up-front on import
materials and parts and subsequently refunded pursuant to the actual
amount of goods processed for export.
Article 32
Measures on the levy or exemption of Customs duties on free replacement
goods shall be separately formulated by the Customs General
Administration.
Article 33
Customs duties shall be reduced or exempted in accordance with the
provisions set out in the relevant regulations on goods imported into or
exported out of the designated areas, such as special economic zones or
the designated enterprises, such as Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures,
Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures and sole enterprises with
foreign investment, and also on goods falling in the category of
preferential treatment by laws and regulations.
Article 34
In case the consignee or consignor or his agent applies for ad hoc
reduction or exemption of Customs duties on imports or exports, a written
application specifying the reason therein and necessary documentary
evidence shall be submitted to the Customs for examination prior to the
importation or exportation of the goods. The Customs shall transmit the
application verified to the Customs General Administration, which may, in
accordance with the relevant regulations formulated by the State Council,
examine and approve it with or without consulting with the Ministry of
Finance.
Article 35
If the Customs, in relation to imports granted preferential duty
reductions or exemptions pursuant to the provisions of the State laws or
regulations, examines and approves, within the supervisory and control
period, an application for the sale or assignment of such goods or their
use for other purposes, the value of the goods shall be reappraised in
accordance with the period of usage and supplementary payments of import
duties made. The supervisory and control limit of years shall be
formulated separately by the Customs General Administration.

Chapter VI Procedures for Appeal
Article 36
If a person obliged to pay Customs duties disagrees with a decision by the
Customs in relation to such matters as duty payment, duty reduction,
supplementary payment or the refund of duty paid on imports and exports,
the party concerned shall first pay the amount determined by the Customs,
and then, within 30 days of the Customs issuing a receipt of payment,
lodged with the Customs a written application for reconsideration. The
Customs shall not accept an appeal lodge after the expiry of the
prescribed time limit.
Article 37
The Customs shall make its decision on the appeal within 15 days as of the
date of receipt of the appeal.
Should the person obligated to pay Customs duties refuse to accept the
decision, he may appeal to the Customs General Administration for
reconsideration within 15 days as of the date of receipt of the notice of
decision.
Article 38
The Customs General Administration shall make its decision on the appeal
within 30 days after the date of receipt of the appeal and accordingly
notify the person obligated to pay Customs duties of the decision.
Should the person obligated to pay Customs duties find the decision made
by the Customs General Administration unacceptable, he may bring the case
to the people's court within 15 days as of the date of receipt of the said
decision.

Chapter VII Penalties
Article 39
Any act in violation of these Regulations which constitutes the crime of
smuggling, or of the regulations on the Customs supervision and control
shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Customs Law of
the People's Republic of China, Regulations for Imposing Administrative
Penalties under the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China and
other relevant laws or regulations.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 40
The Customs shall, in accordance with relevant regulations, reward any
individual or unit who provides any information or assistance which leads
to the uncovering of any evasion or avoidance of Customs duties in
violation of these Regulations. The identity of the individuals or units
concerned shall be kept confidential.
Article 41
The Customs General Administration shall be responsible for the
interpretation of these Regulations.
Article 42
These Regulations shall come into force as of April 1, 1992.

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